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Exam 30: Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle

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Question 21

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Use the following to answer questions Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The ______________ enzymes transfer an ɑ-amino group from amino acids to ɑ-ketoglutarate.

A) hyperammonemia
B) aminotransferases
C) methionine
D) S-adenosylmethionine
E) glutamate dehydrogenase
F) oxaloacetate
G) biopterin
H) glutamate
I) hippurate
J) urea
K) dehydratase
L) dioxygenases
M) ammonia disorder

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Question 22

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___________________ is the prosthetic group used in deaminations by dehydratases.

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pyridoxal ...

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Question 23

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In addition to increased fatty acid accumulation in the liver, excess consumption of ethanol can also induce two further stages of liver damage. What are they?

In the degradation of amino acids, the amino nitrogens can eventually become the amino group of ___________________.

Why do you think that weight lifters take large amounts of branched-chain amino acids?

Ketogenic amino acids are degraded to which of the following metabolites?

The urea cycle is linked to gluconeogenesis via formation of ___________________, a precursor of glucose synthesis.

The hydrolysis of arginine by arginase produces ornithine and ___________________.

Nitrogen is transported from muscle to liver in the form of ___________________or _______________.

In the first step of the urea cycle, CO2 and NH4+ are converted into ___________________.

Which amino acids supply carbons for eventual entry into metabolism as succinyl CoA?

Use the following to answer questions Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The cofactor required by phenylalanine hydroxylase is _______________.

Uricotelic organisms release nitrogen as:

In the urea cycle, free NH4+ is coupled with carboxyphosphate to form:

Use the following to answer questions Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -_______________ is caused by defects in the urea cycle, which lead to an elevated level of ammonia in blood.

Which amino acid(s) is/are metabolites in the urea cycle, but is/are not used as (a) building block(s) of proteins?

In the urea cycle, the carbon skeleton of aspartate is preserved as:

In adults, the urea cycle produces sufficient quantities of ___________________ so that it is not considered an essential amino acid.

Use the following to answer questions Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used. -The product _______________ results when aspartate is transaminated with ɑ-ketoglutarate.

What type of damage occurs if there is a defect in the urea cycle?