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Exam 20: Phylogeny

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Question 31

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The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in the figure given below indicate that

A) frogs evolved before mice.
B) mice evolved before frogs.
C) the genes of frogs and mice have only coincidental homoplasies.
D) the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.
E) the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice.

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Question 32

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The various taxonomic levels (namely, genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of

A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment.
B) their inclusiveness.
C) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each.
D) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms.

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Question 33

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Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae) . Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to

Which of the following is true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right?

Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means that

Figure 20.4 Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 18 million years ago. Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time. -From Figure 20.4, which other event occurred closest in time to the divergence of gorillas from the lineage that led to humans and chimps?

The next questions refer to Table 20.1, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is the one closest to the promoter) . The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to the DNA of another member of species A. Table 20.1 -Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in

It was once thought that cetaceans had evolved from an extinct group of mammals called the mesonychids. If, in the future, it is determined that some organisms currently classified as cetaceans did actually evolve from mesonychids, whereas other cetaceans evolved from artiodactyl stock, then what will be true of the order Cetacea?

Which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for determining the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct billions of years ago?

The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree in Figure 20.3, depicting the origins of life and of the three domains. Horizontal lines indicate instances of gene or genome transfer. Figure 20.3 A possible phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life. -Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of Figure 20.3?

Which of these would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?