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Exam 22: Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

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Question 21

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Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain ________.

A) unity of life
B) descent of all organisms from a single, ancient ancestor
C) that habitat differences stimulate change in organisms
D) evolution of the unity and diversity of life

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Question 22

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What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?

A) It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
B) It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
C) It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
D) It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

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Question 23

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Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, which have existed for at least a few million years?

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new S.aureus infections were caused by MRSA. How can this best be explained?

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?

Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labelled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species. In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents ________.

Which of the following statements describe evolution?

Pseudogenes are ________.

Fossils found in strata reveal that ________.

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would happen in environments that lack antibiotics?

About 13 different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea) . Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus) , followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza) . If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?

Which one of the following observations did Darwin first make during his discovery of evolution?

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ________.

Which of the following factors could cause a surge in population size?

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared?

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?

What are adaptations?

Which statement illustrates the connection between natural selection and overreproduction of a population?

If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?