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Exam 13: Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

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Question 31

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A biologist is developing models to describe the population dynamics of the species he studies. Four models are listed. Each model is based on the logistic model, with r equal to 1 and K equal to 100. The initial population size is given by N₀. In which of his models of population growth would the population be most likely to go extinct?

A) deterministic model, N₀ = 5
B) stochastic model, N₀ = 10
C) deterministic model, N₀ = 100
D) stochastic model, N₀ = 150

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Question 32

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Which trait(s) is (are) likely to cause less-stable population fluctuations over time? I. short generation time II. small body size III. high sensitivity to environmental conditions

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) I, II, and III

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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Question 33

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A group of subpopulations has independent population dynamics over space. This is an example of

Consider a population with the following numbers of individuals over time: Year 1: 100 Year 2: 150 Year 3: 200 Year 4: 250 If the population size in year 5 is determined by a logistic model with delayed density dependence, r = 1.1, and K = 200 individuals, what value of τ would cause the population to decrease from year 4 to year 5?

There are two key predictions about how extinction probability and colonization probability affect metapopulation dynamics. List these predictions and explain how they are illustrated by this figure.

Which type of model always includes random variation?

Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between population size and extinction risk?

Consider a population with the following numbers of individuals over time: Year 1: 10 Year 2: 25 Year 3: 30 If the population size in year 4 is determined by a logistic model with delayed density dependence from a 1-year time lag and K = 50 individuals, what value of r would lead to the population size to exceed carrying capacity in year 4?

For populations growing under the logistic growth model with delayed density dependence, which of the following combinations of parameter values is most likely to lead to dampened oscillations?

A population die-off occurs when I. a species' resources are depleted. II. an overshoot occurs. III. carrying capacity is exceeded.

Which of the following is an example of delayed density dependence? I. The per capita growth rate of a coyote population decreases as the number of coyotes increases. II. The fecundity of two-year-old frogs is based on their density as tadpoles. III. The number of seeds produced by flowers in the fall depends on the amount of rainfall the previous spring.

Which is an example of environmental stochasticity? I. changes in the weather that increase or decrease survival by a small amount II. variation in individual health that affects likelihood of death III. forest fires that kill large number of individuals every 10 to 50 years

A species of frog is found separated into many subpopulations living in ponds that are surrounded by agricultural fields. Sometimes one frog subpopulation goes extinct because of disease or environmental stochasticity. Frogs from other subpopulations will occasionally move across fields to recolonize ponds where subpopulations have gone extinct. This is an example of

Population cycles I. are increases and decreases of population size occurring at regular time intervals. II. can be caused by overshooting carrying capacity and subsequent die-offs. III. indicate that a species is about to become extinct.

Variations in birth and death rates due to random changes in environmental conditions are

Delayed density dependence

Of the following species, which is most likely to exhibit a stable limit cycle or dampened oscillations?

Which is an example of demographic stochasticity? I. increased moose mortality when the population exceeds carrying capacity II. variation in death rate of mice due to chance differences between individuals III. increases and decreases in seed production due to changes in rainfall

In the logistic growth model that includes delayed density dependence, the term τ indicates

Human activity can affect metapopulations. In the basic model of metapopulation dynamics, if humans improve the quality (and thus carrying capacity) of subpopulations, the probability of _____ and the proportion of occupied patches _____.