A) the rooting of the trees
B) how polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups are determined
C) what branch lengths represent
D) the number of homologous traits
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A) DNA sequence similarity should reflect patterns of common ancestry inferred from other evidence.
B) DNA sequences will indicate the correct phylogeny, and other traits, such as morphology and anatomy, will be irrelevant to common ancestry.
C) the hereditary basis of a trait will not matter for understanding its evolutionary history.
D) common ancestry will be reflected in phylogenies only for traits that are determined by a single gene.
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A
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Symplesiomorphic traits are misleading i...View Answer
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A) classify biological diversity.
B) explain the evolutionary history of organisms.
C) group organisms based on shared genetic traits.
D) please the Chinese emperor.
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A
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The explanations for the observation of ...View Answer
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A) 1, 2, and 3 form a monophyletic group.
B) 3, 4, and 5 form a monophyletic group.
C) 2, 3, 4, and 5 form a monophyletic group.
D) 3 and 4 form a monophyletic group.
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A) Fish are not a monophyletic group.
B) Amphibians are not a monophyletic group.
C) Tetrapod vertebrates are not a monophyletic group.
D) Lampreys are not a monophyletic group.
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A) some evolutionary process (usually natural selection) has independently fashioned similar traits in each species.
B) those traits have been inherited from a common ancestor.
C) hybridization between the species passes the trait on to both.
D) evolution by natural selection requires heritable variation.
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These trees all show the same set of evolutionary relationships among the taxa. Any node in the tree can be rotated without altering the depicted relationships. The relative positions from left to right in the tree do not matter; what matters is the distance to the most recent common ancestor.
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A) the trait is not costly to the organism.
B) the trait has some function that we have not identified.
C) there is some natural selection against the trait, and it is on its way out-eventually it will be lost.
D) natural selection cannot act to eliminate traits.
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Phylogenies can be used to distinguish h...View Answer
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A) Both show the splitting and the recombining of branches or lineages over time.
B) Pedigrees tell us about the ancestry of individuals; phylogenies tell us about the ancestry of populations.
C) Both expand as one looks backward in time.
D) The nodes in a pedigree represent populations; the nodes in a phylogeny represent individuals.
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A) the group's most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants.
B) neither the common ancestor of all of its members nor all descendants of that ancestor.
C) all descendants of the group's most recent common ancestor and no other members.
D) unrelated members.
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A) It arose in the common ancestor of these frogs.
B) It is homologous.
C) It is the result of convergent evolution.
D) It is an exaptation.
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A) An unrooted tree indicates the common ancestor from which all species on the tree are derived.
B) Relationships on an unrooted tree are not experimentally testable.
C) Direction on a rooted tree indicates the passage of time.
D) Rooted trees are correct, whereas unrooted trees are incorrect.
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A) the passage of time
B) the amount of evolutionary change
C) how many speciation events have occurred
D) the rate of extinction
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A) For the herbaceous species, the branch lengths tend to be shorter, and the rates of sequence change more slowly.
B) For the herbaceous species, the branch lengths tend to be longer, and the rates of sequence change more slowly.
C) For the herbaceous species, the branch lengths tend to be longer, and the rates of sequence change faster.
D) For the herbaceous species, the branch lengths tend to be shorter, and the rates of sequence change faster.
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A) No. Gila monsters share a common ancestor with other lizards and iguanas, but not with snakes; therefore, the presence of venom production in snakes and Gila monsters does not allow us to hypothesize about venom production in other species.
B) No. Homologous traits do not evolve easily; therefore, we would not expect other species to have evolved venom production.
C) Yes. If venom is homologous, then the common ancestor of snakes and Gila monsters would have produced venom and it is likely that the other descents of that ancestor would also produce venom.
D) Yes. Because snakes and Gila monsters independently evolved venom production, it seems likely that other lizards and iguanas would also be able to evolve venom production.
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A) Rodents are members of the Eutheria and Carnivora clades.
B) Primates are members of the Eutheria and Mammalia clades.
C) Monotremata are members of the Eutheria and Mammalia clades.
D) Felidae are members are the Carnivora clade, but not the Theria clade.
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