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One night after he heard his parents arguing, 12-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n)


A) oral fixation.
B) reaction formation.
C) self-serving bias.
D) Oedipus complex.

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Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle.


A) pleasure
B) self-actualization
C) reality
D) self-transcendence

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Freud believed that our repressed impulses express themselves in


A) dreams.
B) slips of the tongue.
C) jokes.
D) all of these forms.

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Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's


A) psychosexual stages.
B) latent content.
C) reality principle.
D) collective unconscious.

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Which of the following tests was empirically derived?


A) the Free Association Index
B) the Rorschach inkblot test
C) the MMPI
D) the Reciprocal Determinism Indicator

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Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?


A) psychodynamic theorists
B) trait theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) humanistic theorists

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Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?


A) the self
B) the reality principle
C) the Big Five
D) the empirically derived test

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Free association is a method designed to


A) reduce anxiety.
B) explore the unconscious.
C) give priority to group goals.
D) show total acceptance of another person.

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According to Freud, ________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ________.


A) reaction formation; superegos
B) reaction formation; egos
C) identification; superegos
D) identification; egos

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The stability of personality traits over time is greatest among


A) children.
B) college students.
C) 30-year-olds.
D) 60-year-olds.

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Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?


A) It focuses too much on early childhood experiences.
B) It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.
C) It provides descriptions but not explanations.
D) It lacks appropriate assessment techniques.

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Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development.


A) defense mechanisms
B) social interactions
C) the collective unconscious
D) genetic predispositions

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The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by


A) self-transcendence.
B) collectivism.
C) free association.
D) individualism.

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Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ________ than for defense mechanisms such as ________.


A) displacement; reaction formation
B) reaction formation; displacement
C) displacement; regression
D) displacement; projection

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After recalling a vivid dream image, Angie's therapist instructs her to close her eyes and report any other images, words, or thoughts that come to mind at that moment. The therapist is using a procedure called


A) reaction formation.
B) free association.
C) factor analysis.
D) identification.

Correct Answer

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Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to


A) reciprocal determinism.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) free association.
D) fixation.

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Many North American parents want to pick names for their children that sound unique or are spelled in an unusual way. This desire best illustrates one of the consequences of


A) the false consensus effect.
B) neuroticism.
C) free association.
D) individualism.

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Reaction formation refers to the process by which people


A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.

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Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many normal adults as disordered. This indicates that the test has little


A) self-serving bias.
B) factor analysis.
C) genuineness.
D) validity.

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Freud suggested that the superego strengthens through the process of


A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) identification.

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